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Both the test-centred models below should be applied before the exam, not after.
Modified Angoff Model
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The Angoff model is an absolute method of standard setting. It does not compare candidates to each other. The panel develops a definition of the a hypothetically 'minimally competent practitioner' (MCP). They are then shown an exam item and asked to consider what percentage of MCPs would be able to answer the question. This procedure is repeated throughout the exam paper. Ratings are then averaged across all items and all judges to determine the passing point.
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There is no scaling of scores unlike the Ebel Model.
Ebel Model
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Ebel's method is far more granular than the Angoff method. It uses a 3x3 grid to classify examination questions. One axis describes difficulty: easy, medium and hard, while the other describes the importance of the subject being tested: nice to know, important and essential to know. A preponderance of hard, nice-to-know exam questions will bring the pass mark down; more easy, essential to know questions push the pass mark up.
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